|
International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN: 0974-4290 Vol.8, No.12 pp 451-460, 2015
|
Chloride Penetration in Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete
T.Ch.Madhavi1*, S.Martin Luther2, P.M.Rameshwaran1, D.Senthilvelan1
1Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Ramapuram, India
2Jehova Nissi Arch Firm, Anna Nagar, Chennai, India
Abstract: Chloride penetration in polypropylene fiber reinforced fly ash concrete is studied experimentally by Rapid Chloride Penetration Test. SixVolume fractions of fly ash i.e, 0%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% is considered and fibers in three volume fractions of 0%, 0.2% and 0.4% are considered. Fly ash is used as replacement material for cement. The test results indicated that the addition of fly ash and polypropylene fibers decreased the chloride permeability. Addition of fly ash improved the dispersion of fibers in the concrete, resulting in a significant reduction in the chloride penetration in the polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete.
Key words:Concrete, Chloride penetration, Polypropylene, Fibers, Fly ash.
Introduction[1-9]
Corrosion of steel in concrete due to chloride ingress, that leads to the deterioration of concrete structures is one of the most commonly faced problems. Chloride attack on concrete structures such as buildings, bridges, dams, offshore structures has adverse effects such as loss of strength, corrosion of reinforcement etc. The chloride attack is more prominently observed in hydraulic structures and structures in coastal areas because of the marine environment. Chloride ingress through the cracks deteriorates its strength with age. Corrosion due to chloride attack greatly affects the durability and strength of the structure. The chloride penetration is dependent on the pore structure of concrete.
It is important that a structure should not only exhibit strength but also be durable resisting the weathering action, chemical attacks, freezing and thawing etc. Though concrete has lot of advantages with regard to strength, its brittle behaviour is a handicap particularly when used to resist seismic forces. Addition of fibers to concrete addresses this problem. Though different types of fibers are in use, more recently developed polypropylene fibers help in overcoming these deficiencies.
Addition of fibers increases the strength and reduces the crack width. Researchers world over are developing high performance concrete using different types of fiber. Because of the increasing application of Fiber reinforced concrete, there is a need for studying the durability characteristics of such a concrete. In this work polypropylene fibers are used to improve the mechanical strength. Hence, this paper presents the effects of polypropylene fibers on Chloride Penetration in concrete. 0.2% and 0.4% polypropylene fibers are added to the concrete and compared with concrete without any fiber content. The effect of presence of fly ash is also studied by varying its volume fraction as 0%, 30%, 40%.
Experimental Investigations[1-9]
Materials used
Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 grade satisfying the requirements of IS:12269-1987, local river sand and coarse aggregate of size 20 mm are used for making the concrete mix. Class F fly ash is obtained from Ennore power plant. Portable water and super plasticizer CONPLAST SP430 were added to the dry ingredients to achieve the wet mx of required workability. The mix design was carried out as per IS:10262:2000 and the mix adopted is 1:1.1:2.0 with a water binder ratio of 0.36
Casting and Curing
For carrying out the tests, cylindrical specimens are prepared by cutting a core of 100 mm diameter from inside a cube which is cured for 28 days as shown in Fig 1. The thickness of the cylindrical specimen is 50 mm. The surface of the cylindrical specimen is coated with glue and is allowed to dry. After drying, the specimen is put in vacuum chamber and then it is placed in the testing device (Fig. 2 and 3)
Figure 1 Preparation of Specimens
Testing
The test is carried out in accordance with ASTM C1202 standards. The specimen of 100mm diameter and 50mm thick is immersed in one container with 3.0% NaCl solution and in the other container with 0.3 M NaOH solution. The specimen is subjected to a DC voltage of 60V for 6 hrs. The total charge passed from the fiber reinforced concrete is determined The variation of charge passed for various mix proportions is measured and it gives the resistance of the specimen to chloride ion penetration.
Figure 2 Vacuum Saturation Apparatus Test Setup (ASTM C1202)
Figure 3 Data logger with RCPT test setup
Table 1Chloride Ion Penetrability Based on Charge
Charge Passed (coulombs) |
Chloride Ion Penetrability |
> 4,000 |
High |
2,000 - 4,000 |
Moderate |
1,000 - 2,000 |
Low |
100 - 1,000 |
Very Low |
< 100 |
Negligible |
Results and Discussions
The results obtained from the experimental investigations are analysed and the results obtained after 28 days of curing are presented in table 2 below.
Effect of Polypropylene fiber on Chloride permeability
The addition of polypropylene fibers involume fractions of 0%, 0.2% and 0.4 % decreased the chloride penetration into the concrete upto 24.6% when 0.4 % polypropylene fibers were used.
Table 2 Effect of Fibers on Chloride penetrationin concrete with 0% fly ash
Specimen |
Chloride penetration in coulombs |
%decrease in chloride penetration |
Chloride Permeability as per ASTM C1202 |
PFRC 0/0 |
2422 |
- |
Moderate |
PFRC 0/0.2 |
2064 |
14.78% |
Moderate |
PFRC 0/0.4 |
2095 |
13.50% |
Moderate |
Figure4 .Graphical representation of effect of fibers on Chloride penetration in concrete with 0% fly ash
Table 3. Effect of Fibers on Chloride penetration in concrete with 30% fly ash
Specimen |
Chloride penetration in coulombs |
% decrease in chloride penetration |
Chloride Permeability as per ASTM C1202 |
PFRC 30/0 |
2381 |
- |
Moderate |
PFRC 30/0.2 |
2119 |
11.00% |
Moderate |
PFRC 30/0.4 |
2085 |
12.43% |
Moderate |
Figure 5 Graphical representation of the effect of fibers on Chloride penetration in concrete with 30% fly ash
Table 4Effect of Fibers on Chloride penetration in concrete with 40% fly ash
Specimen |
Chloride penetration in coulombs |
% decrease in chloride penetration |
Chloride Permeability as per ASTM C1202 |
PFRC 40/0 |
2242 |
- |
Moderate |
PFRC 40/0.2 |
2080 |
7.23% |
Moderate |
PFRC 40/0.4 |
1967 |
12.27% |
Low |
Figure 6 Graphical representation of effect of fibers on Chloride penetration in concrete with 40% fly ash
Table 5 Effect of Fibers on Chloride penetration in concrete with 50% fly ash
Specimen |
Chloride penetration in coulombs |
% decrease in chloride penetration |
Chloride Permeability as per ASTM C1202 |
PFRC 50/0 |
1660 |
- |
Low |
PFRC 50/0.2 |
1670 |
0.60% |
Low |
PFRC 50/0.4 |
1583 |
4.64% |
Low |
Figure 7 Graphical representation of effect of fibers on Chloride penetration in concrete with 50% fly ash
Table 6 Effect of Fibers on Chloride penetration in concrete with 60% fly ash
Specimen |
Chloride penetration in coulombs |
% decrease in chloride penetration |
Chloride Permeability as per ASTM C1202 |
PFRC 60/0 |
1614 |
- |
Low |
PFRC 60/0.2 |
1622 |
2.29% |
Low |
PFRC 60/0.4 |
1251 |
24.64% |
Low |
Figure8 Graphical representation of effect of fibers on Chloride penetration in concrete with 60% fly ash
Figure9 Comparison of chloride penetration in different concrete mixes
Effect of Fly ash on Chloride permeability
With the addition of fly ash the chloride penetration decreased and is observed to have decreased to the extent of 40% when 60% fly ash was used.
Table 7Effect of fly ash on chloride penetration in concrete with 0% fibers
Specimen |
Chloride penetration in coulombs |
% Different from 0% FA |
Chloride Permeability as per ASTM C1202 |
PFRC 0/0 |
2422 |
- |
Moderate |
PFRC 30/0 |
2381 |
-1.69% |
Moderate |
PFRC 40/0 |
2242 |
-7.43% |
Moderate |
PFRC 50/0 |
1660 |
-31.46% |
Low |
PFRC 60/0 |
1614 |
-33.36% |
Low |
Figure 10 Graphical representation of fly ash on Chloride penetration in concretewith 0% fibers
Table 8Effect of fly ash on chloride penetration in concrete with 0.2% fibers
Specimen |
Chloride penetration in coulombs |
% Different from 0% FA |
Chloride Permeability as per ASTM C1202 |
PFRC 0/0.2 |
2064 |
- |
Moderate |
PFRC 30/0.2 |
2119 |
2.66% |
Moderate |
PFRC 40/0.2 |
2080 |
0.78% |
Moderate |
PFRC 50/0.2 |
1670 |
-19.09% |
Low |
PFRC 60/0.2 |
1622 |
-21.41% |
Low |
Figure11 Graphical representation of fly ash on Chloride penetration in concrete with 0.2% fibers
Table 9Effect of fly ash on chloride penetration in concrete with 0.4% fibers
Specimen |
Chloride penetration in coulombs |
% variation from 0% FA |
Chloride Permeability as per ASTM C1202 |
PFRC 0/0.4 |
2095 |
- |
Moderate |
PFRC 30/0.4 |
2085 |
-0.48% |
Moderate |
PFRC 40/0.4 |
1967 |
-6.11% |
Low |
PFRC 50/0.4 |
1583 |
-24.44% |
Low |
PFRC 60/0.4 |
1251 |
-40.29% |
Low |
Figure12 Graphical representation of fly ash on Chloride penetration in concrete with 0.4% fibers
Figure13 Comparison of chloride penetration in different polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete mixes
Table 10 % decrease/Increase in chloride penetration
Specimen |
0% PP |
0.2% PP |
0.4% PP |
0 % FA |
- |
- |
- |
30 % FA |
-1.69% |
2.66% |
-0.48% |
40 % FA |
-7.43% |
0.78% |
-6.11% |
50 % FA |
-31.46% |
-19.09% |
-24.44% |
60 % FA |
-33.36% |
-21.41% |
-40.29% |
Figure 14 Comparison of chloride penetration in different concrete mixes with different fiber content
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the management of SRM University for supporting this project and extending financial grant for carrying out these experimental investigations.
References
*****
International Journal of ChemTech Research
[ www.sphinxsai.com ]
Publish your paper in Elsevier Ranked, SCOPUS Indexed Journal.
[1] RANKING:
has been ranked NO. 1. Journal from India (subject: Chemical Engineering) from India at International platform, by SCOPUS- scimagojr.
It has topped in total number of CITES AND CITABLE DOCUMENTS.
Find more by clicking on Elsevier - SCOPUS SITE....AS BELOW..... http://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php?area=1500&category=1501&country=IN&year=2011&order=cd&min=0&min_type=cd Please log on to - www.sphinxsai.com
[2] Indexing and Abstracting.
International Journal of ChemTech Research is selected by -
CABI, CAS(USA), SCOPUS, MAPA (India), ISA(India),DOAJ(USA),Index Copernicus, Embase database, EVISA, DATA BASE(Europe), Birmingham Public Library, Birmingham, Alabama, RGATE Databases/organizations for Indexing and Abstracting.
It is also in process for inclusion in various other databases/libraries.
[3] Editorial across the world. [4] Authors across the world:
For paper search, use of References, Cites, use of contents etc in-
International Journal of ChemTech Research,
Please log on to - www.sphinxsai.com
*****
International Journal of PharmTech Research
log on to - www.sphinxsai.com
International Journal of PharmTech Research is an open access Bimonthly Journal, 7.5 Years old. It contains more than 3500 published papers since 2009.
Subject areas: This journal publishes the Research and Review papers of the following subject/areas. Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biopharma, Pharmacology, Pharmacy Practice, Pharmacognosy, Analytical Chemistry, Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biochemistry, , Medicinal Science, Clinical Pharmacy, Medichem, and applied related subject areas.
[1] RANKING:
It has been ranked from India (subject: Pharma Sciences) from India at International platform, by SCOPUS- scimagojr. It has topped in total number of CITES AND CITABLE DOCUMENTS. Find more by clicking on SCOPUS-scimagojr SITE....AS BELOW..... http://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php?area=3000&category=0&country=IN&year=2013&order=tc&min=0&min_type=tc
Please log on to - www.sphinxsai.com
[2] Indexing and Abstracting.
International Journal of PharmTech Research is selected by -
CABI, CAS(USA), SCOPUS, MAPA (India), ISA(India),DOAJ(USA),Index Copernicus, Embase database, EVISA, DATA BASE(Europe), Birmingham Public Library, Birmingham, Alabama,Worldcat , RGATE Databases/organizations, Beardslee Library Journals, Holland.
UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF University of SASKATCHEWAN,ResearchBible/Journal Seeker,
AYUSH India, ersa.lib.sjtu.edu.cn, many libraries for Indexing and Abstracting.
It is also in process for inclusion in various other databases/libraries.
[3] Editorial across the world. ,[4] Authors across the world:
[5] It has good SJR [SCImago Journal Rank] =
www.sphinxsai.com
Call for Papers Free of Charges for publication in Quality JournalS=
[1] International Journal of MediPharm Research(ISSN: 2395-423X) [www.medipharmsai.com]
[2] International Journal of TechnoChem Research(ISSN: 2395-4248)[www.technochemsai.com]
[3] International Journal of Chemical Concepts(ISSN: 2395-4256) [www.chemconsai.com]
[1] International Journal of MediPharm Research(ISSN: 2395-423X) [www.medipharmsai.com]
Inform your juniors/seniors/colleagues, Faculty members, Post Graduate Students FOR submitting their papers for publication [FREE SEARCH/Free of cost] and cooperate them in selection of Best Int.Journal.
Thanks. regards. Mang. Editor. For IJ section,
International Journal of ChemTech Research,
International Journal of PharmTech Research
Sphinx Knowledge House,
www.sphinxsai.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
*****